Thursday, January 10, 2008

Like a Surgeon

"Like a surgeon, whoa, oh, cuttin' for the very first time."
- Parody on Madona's "Like a Virgin" - Weird Al Yankovic

Want to see what it's like to be a cardiothoracic surgeon? Why not try virtual bypass surgury? You can be an intern, a surgeon or an expert. Just be careful or you'll need to call your lawyer. It requires more multi-tasking at higher levels of skill. But while fun and educational, you still can't experience the smell of burning flesh during electrocautery... yet.

If this is too hard - try it on a stuffed rabbit. I particularly like the resuscitation graphics. Hey, it's fun for the whole family!

-Wes

h/t: Healthbolt.

Wednesday, January 09, 2008

Are More Drugs for Seniors Better?

Some think so. After all, more seniors can afford their medicine when ol' Uncle Sam helps pick up the tab.

But we are left to ponder how much our economy can continue to sustain these increased costs for healthcare in America. Once again, the short term "relief" for seniors has to be weighed against the ever-increasing national debt for our younger generation. "If it's free, it's for me" should not be our motto when it comes to healthcare. After all, the costs still exist and we'll all have to pay, some way, eventually. One only needs to look at the alarming number of our young and well-educated who leave college without insurance with no hope of entering into a workforce willing to pick up their healthcare tab because of its expense, and the high cost of individual policies, to understand the implications of this "free" or "low-cost" alternative. Direct-to-consumer advertising, too, raises the cost of drugs astronomically, with a recent PLoS article (h/t: Schwitzer Health News Blog) demonstrating that pharmaceutical marketing costs now exceed the budgets for new drug research and development.

So although the article "fell short" because it did not assess the impact of the lower use rates by seniors regarding health outcomes as a result of their ability to afford their medications, we cannot ignore the obvious larger public health implications of these government subsidies.

-Wes

Nice Try

You've got to admire this entrepreneurial lad's attempt to extend his Christmas vacation...

... the hard way.

-Wes

I'm a Finalist

Click to Vote
I'd like to take a second and thank those that thought enough about these crazy rants and ramblings to nominate me for the 2007 Medical Weblog Award. I really can't believe that I made the cut of tons of spectacular blogs out there to become a finalist in the Best Policies/Ethics Weblog category. I'm honored and can honestly say I've already won in my book. Thank you. If you feel so inclined, head on over to Medgadget to record your vote.

It's a crazy thing, this blogging. You start one day not knowing what the heck you're doing. You post a few thoughts or observations about your field or interest or whatever. Someone comments. Someone really smart. And soon you realize that, damn, this is fun!

Well, at first.

So you post again. Something brilliant, at least so you think. The post goes unanswered. No comments. Nothing. Sheesh. You wonder why. Did I upset someone? Was it stupid? Anxiety sets in.

Then you're walking in the hall of your hospital, and someone comes up to you out of the blue. Someone you've never met. They shyly approach you and say, "I liked what you wrote today." You stand stunned and realize that maybe that effort was worth it after all for maybe it touched a lurker - someone who reads a blog without commenting - and maybe, just maybe, your carefully-selected words still inform, touch a nerve, help a friend, show you're human, or make someone laugh.

And so you post again.

But you hit a stumbling block one day. What do I write? You panic. You surf the web and find a little nugget that is interesting to you, makes you think, or causes you concern. You publish your thoughts and find with great relief that not only did you find today's commentary, but you learned something as well.

And so you post again.

Soon it becomes an obsession, a passion. You become attached to your blog. You sprinkle it with stat counters and meters and neat little plug-ins you stumble upon. Your family wonders where you are. You, of course, have discovered another nugget to post and time is of the essence! So you publish your thought only to find you're late to a parent-teacher meeting, or a dinner, or work. Then it hits you. You have to pace yourself and get control lest you call yourself a blog-o-holic. Or maybe excessive blogging could cause a heart attack. "Fewer posts" you think.

And so you reluctantly post again.

Before long, your readership grows to a point where someone asks you to write for them or interviews you about what it's like to blog. And amazingly, someone even nominates you for your first blogging award. So you start to read what other nominees have written. Then you come back to this planet and realize why you always had a tough time getting that "A" in English class: there are other writers out there who are much more eloquent. While humbled, you remain happy to stand among them.

And so you post again.

-Wes

Tuesday, January 08, 2008

Well Done, Kevin

If you haven't seen it, Kevin Pho, MD (aka KevinMD) does a great job in his Q&A session with the Wall Street Journal Health Blog just in time for the New Hampshire primary.

-Wes

The New Cardiology Patient

"Alright Mr. Jones. It's OK Mr. Jones. Mr. Jones, really, it's OK. Sit down."

"But Doc, I'm worried."

"About what?"

"Everything. The world is changing so fast. I mean, look at the news! Even Hillary might not win New Hampshire!"

Doctor looks puzzled.

"And Doc... oh, my God... Doc, I mean people like me... well, they could have a heart attack... you know, the Big One. Did you hear? Holy Mackerel! Can you believe it? I mean, what about my kids, my wife? Who'll be there when I'm gone? And what about my new HD TV system that I got for Christmas?How will we pay the bills? And my taxes in April? Doc, can I use your sink? I need to wash my hands. Really, can I?"

"Uh, sure."

"Oh, thank you, Doc! How can I ever repay you!" Proceeds to wash his hands again and again.

"Doc, I was wondering..."

"What's that?"

"Can I get some Xanax? And maybe some of that butterfly medicine. You know, the one to help you sleep? Do you think it will help?"

Doctor's hands begin to sweat.

-Wes

Monday, January 07, 2008

More Clarity to the "47 million Uninsured" Number

It was interesting to read a more recent breakdown (subscription required) of the 47 million uninsured number I discussed previously that is repeatedly used by the presidential candidates to support their desire for insurance mandates. It comes from senior partners at Bain and Company in today's opinion column of the Wall Street Journal:
Census Bureau data reveal that the uninsured are actually the kind of demographic that consumer product companies dream about. A surprising 85% of the nation's uninsured are currently employed and nearly all have worked in the past year (emphasis mine). They are young -- almost half are between the ages of 18 and 34 -- and nearly three-quarters of the uninsured describe their health as "excellent" or "very good." More than two-thirds have at least some college education and about half earn middle-class incomes.

Second, insurers no longer can afford to ignore the uninsured market. Their core business -- selling group plans to large employers -- is stagnant. A Bain & Company analysis of the health-insurance sector shows that total commercial health-insurance enrollment has been flat at around 174 million people since 2001. In response to rising costs, employers have steadily pared back benefits, and the percent of businesses offering health insurance has fallen to 60% last year from 66% in 1999. Since the 2001 recession, the number of contractors, part-timers and small-business employees has grown two to six times faster than the economy overall. In contrast, traditional workers -- the full-time company employees that provide the insurance companies' bread and butter -- have declined 0.6%. As a result, profit pools in corporate-funded health plans are shrinking.

For insurers, this means that their greatest source of future growth is selling policies to individuals -- not corporations.
So it seems, most have chosen not to have insurance because they thought they were at low risk of needing it(who knew?). Better stop those people from thinking, dammit!

So if you're wondering who's direct-to-consumer ads we'll be seeing next alongside the pharmaceutical ads with the evening news, look no further than your friendly neighborhood national insurer.

-Wes

Sunday, January 06, 2008

Our "Falling Down" Profession

It’s so nice to be classified (with lawyers) by the New York Times as a “Falling Down” profession. I love sitting and feeling sorry for myself. Poor me.

Caveat emptor when we look to the journalism field to provide cultural direction versus spin. The spin of this article (or Achilles heel) is that the author, like the breathless digital economy "pile-on"-ers, exists as if the picture he paints can in fact be the truth. The sad thing, as Silicon Valley found out in round one, is that the digital star factory does not float all ships (nor does the financial industry or banking industry) as “stars” with short attention spans and wishes for a quick million find, as they sit in their mother’s basement playing their twentieth round of Call of Duty 4, waiting for Microsoft to call. This is not reality, but perhaps the dream is more important.

Further, unlike many of us, the author has clearly not confronted his own reality – which in more philosophical circles might be referred to as his personal mortality. Nor, perhaps, has he confronted it in the dark deserted hallways of a medical center with a family member or best friend. Doctors fail to have the luxury of this protected viewpoint.

No matter.

The spin that enchants now will matter less when the digital inamoratas are pressing the nurse call button for the tenth time at 3 AM in the morning. The belief in a new gold rush is uniquely American, and one would have to be deaf dumb and blind to miss the twin engines of the digital economy and globalization. But there is another force out there – the aging of the populace and the growing expectations for personal health, longevity and attentive care. When the first diagnosis hits, the Blackberry goes silent. The charm of instant lottery-style winnings, or at least our belief in them, fades as one searches for at least one honest trustworthy face to gaze into as one wrestles with his own diagnosis. This is not negativity, this is reality. We live in fungible biological assets no matter which home healthcare program tracks our personal “wellness.” Perhaps the “falling down” status of medical professionals represents a type of killing the messenger.

Better solutions will need to be found to support, reward, and encourage a top quality front-line of care for the day you become ill. Or the day the EA Games or Time Warner executive becomes ill. It’s that simple. To believe otherwise is naïve and wishful. We remain immersed in our own denial until our personal chronological buzzer goes off, rather than insisting that the personal, hand-holding, high quality healthcare we hope for will be there in the future. The American belief in the new, the shiny, the whiz-bang gizmos – these are all amusing unless they leave us unprepared later in life. The emphasis on entertainment and distraction, quick riches, and risky ventures is the stuff of the young and the lucky, it is not the stuff of your average Joe. We elevate these players at great expense to our culture. We elevate them oblivious to the expense to the teachers, nurses, scientists, doctors and other careful plodders who make up the real gold of this world.

Don’t get me wrong, there are disappointing things happening in medicine these days. Even doctors are not immune to corporate seduction with our consulting arrangements, speakers’ fees, kickbacks, drug lunches and royalty payments. But these doctors with journalists, policy wonks, corporate executives, marketing agents, and the financial engines that comprise the business of medicine, are beginning to undergo scrutiny. For the first time with the help of the information age, patients understand how each of these entities serves their own economic interest before the patient. Skim the profits, make more money, grow, baby, grow – even if it means changing the front-line care of the very patients they claim to serve.

But patients are starting to understand that healthcare is a zero-sum game – the money that funds spas and new hospital construction or equipment purchases (to stay “competitive”) comes out of somewhere. The money that funds error control and quality assurance – and the entire new layer of executives funded by these efforts – comes out of somewhere. The money for acquiring and selling electronic patient data and direct-to-patient marketing campaigns comes out of somewhere. Patients must insist it does not come out of their front-line care, or their costs at the Walgreen’s counter.

So while I understand the author's misguided attempt to label, I'd suggest the next time he's sick, he reconsider his spin. Medicine touches the core of human existence, from the moments of pregnancy and birth to the last breaths of life here on earth. It deals daily with individuals and families with all of their complicated dynamics and concerns with illness, suffering, pain, and the challenges that go along with these. Most of all, it deals in reality, not spin: those unwavering and inevitable medical crises that each of us will confront eventually. Fortunately, a few of our politicians are beginning to realize this. They realize that doctors have direct (and priveledged) access to the one asset that every political campaign envies: their constituents. For if the politicians and policy pundits think we’ll be crying “poor me” as they cut physicians’ reimbursements further, just wait until their constituency raises hell when they can't find a capable doctor or nurse.

No, we aren’t falling down. We’re just finding our foothold.

-Wes

Image credit.

Saturday, January 05, 2008

Now You's Gettin' Smarter

A young medical student walks into a store advertising "Smart Pills." His exams are in two weeks and he decides, "Hmmm, maybe I should give those a try."

So he goes into the store. The store owner, seeing the desperate shape of the med student, smiled politely.

"How are you?"

"Oh, just fine. I'd like to get some of those smart pills, please. What's in them?"

The crafty old store owner leans forward and whispers, "It's special and top secret. But they really work!

The med student looked at the sign, advertising 30 pills for $19.99. He figured, what can he lose (except $20)? So he paid the man.

The store owner diasspeared into the back storage room where his small pet rabbit was caged. He placed 30 of the rabbit pellets in the bottle and placed the top on the container, then reappeared to the front counter and handed to the med student.

"Here ya go! Just take one of 'deez every night before studying and I'll guarentee you'll gets smarter and smarter, ya hear?"

So the med student went home, eager to try them out. He had tons to study for his microbiology, pathology and histology exams were coming up in the same week. He took one of the pills as the store owner suggested.

Just then, this huge wave of nausea overtook him.

"What the ...?? These taste like rabbit sheiiit!" He was furious and stormed back to the store.

He barged in and said, "Hey buddy, these so-called Smart Pills - they taste like rabbit sheeiit!"

To which the store owner smiled and replied: "Now, you's gettin' smarter."


***

So why the story? Well, just to remind us that there's a lot more to medical school than just what's taught in books. And the thought that Canada wants to correct their doctor shortage by returning to three-year medical school curricula because doctors can be trained faster and it's less expensive, well I say, why not give the med students up there some "Smart Pills," too.

-Wes

Thursday, January 03, 2008

Cardiac Arrests and Hospital Staffing

Time is muscle and time is brain.

So it is not a surprise to see that hospitals that fail to apply a defibrillator shock to a cardiac arrest victim quickly while in the hospital fare worse than those who receive it early. And it was surprising to see that in-hospital deaths from cardiac arrest were higher than out-of-hospital arrest survival in areas with available AED technology.

But what was most shocking to me (pun intended) was not these findings of the study, but the accompanying editorial by Leslie Saxon, MD who advocates for centralized monitoring stations "insensitive" to staffing needs in hospitals:
The automated detection system offers advantages in that it is insensitive to staffing issues and, if centralized, can track patients anywhere in the hospital. The system also allows for quicker notification of key personnel.
Who are we kidding?

I've seen such centralized stations in action, and it was scary. First, how many monitors must one person staffing these centralized station watch? 10? 20? 100? How attentive are they? (How attentive would you be after doing this for a week or a month or a year?) Then, there's notifying the staff that there's a problem: what if no one's at the nurses station to answer the "code" phone? Also, who will check to be sure the electrodes stay applied to patients or replace the monitor's batteries when they go dead?

Can we really expect that being "insensitive" to staffing needs will save lives? If no one is there competent to execute the necessary steps for successful resuscitation (including defibrillation), then few will survive.

More effective will be the hospitalist movement, where physician staff are available in-house 24 hours per day. Additionally, simple steps, like placing every patient who undergoes any surgery, especially with conscious sedation or general anesthesia, on telemetry (and perhaps pulse oximetry). After all, not all arrests are cardiac - many are respiratory first, and then become cardiac as hypoxia ensues.

Monitoring of patients in hospitals takes people. Especially people sensitive to patients' needs. Centralized monitoring stations that remain "insensitive" to staffing issues can only spell ultimate disaster to our patients.

-Wes

Image credit.

Sunday, December 30, 2007

Firework Safety

One more thing, before I head out. We should probably heed these warnings from the Danish regarding firework safety for New Years.

-Wes

h/t: Instapundit.

Saturday, December 29, 2007

Happy New Year!

Here's wishing all of my readers and fellow bloggers a wonderful and safe New Year! I'll be taking a few days traveling to see friends next week, so the blogging will be a bit sporadic. It'll be good to re-charge the blog-brain a bit.

Thanks to all of you for your kind words and support this year. My family and I really appreciate it.

So here's my cyber-toast that goes out to all of you:
"May you live as long as you want to...
... and want to as long as you live!"
To 2008! * glasses clink *

-Wes

Hospital Billing Juggernaut

The New York Times does a good job describing the billing morass that is inpatient care today:
Despite agitated discussions with the billing company to find out what we owed (“We don’t know, we just send you the bills”), and the hospital (“Everything is being processed by your insurance company”) and our insurer (“We are still waiting for the final bills from the hospital”), it took seven months before we got a final bill.
More and more hospitals use outside billing agencies. Every visit or procedure has a different account number (have you ever tried paying these bills with Quicken?) Even if you see the same doctor in follow-up, that visit has a new account number. This is because every bill that goes to Medicare must be independently tracked, so if it is denied, it can be "scrubbed" and resubmitted. This assures the hospital receives its money quickly, but makes it nearly impossible for the patient to know how much has and has not been paid for each their healthcare encounters and procedures. The problems are compounded further by the realization that many doctors are independent contactors working within the hospital's walls with their own bills. It's no wonder patients are confused.

It's an absolute mess.

But with all of the electronics and billing programs and collections agencies out there, somehow we just can't seem to find a solution for the patient. Amazing. Google can compile 3.8 million references to "Hospital bill" in 0.19 seconds, but we still can't get a single hospital bill consolidated in under seven months. Crazy.

I would say that the first hospital that fixes this mess with a patient-centric solution should become America's Top Hospital for 2008. (US News, are you listening?)

But, as we know, it's all just more financial obfuscation and rationing. All in the name of Big Business, so the patient is left to flounder.

Sad, really.

-Wes

Friday, December 28, 2007

Printing Your Own Heart Patch?

I'm not sure how I missed this, but I thought it was pretty cool: printing heart cells in a gel so they self-assemble to create beating heart muscle.
A Missouri professor took several types of chicken heart cells and 3D printed them into large sheets with cell-friendly gel. The cells took over from there, sorting themselves into working order. Then they began beating, just as a heart would.
While it's not ready (at all) for clinical application, it seems there might be a use for this technology supplying working heart cells for pharmaceutical testing.

-Wes

New Heart Failure Monitors on the Horizon

This week, two implantable hemodynamic monitors were revealed that permit continuous real-time pressure measurement of either pulmonary artery or left atrial pressures. It is hoped that the knowledge of this information will improve outpatient management of patients with chronic congestive heart failure.

The first such device reported in Circulation, manufactured by St. Jude Medical, measures the left atrial pressure directly through a transseptal transducer implanted from the leg area. This small pressure sensor is attached to the intraatrial septum (the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart) and is connected to a pacemaker-like device implanted under the skin of the lower abdomen. This device then radios its signal to a hand-held device (that looks remarkably like an old Palm Pilot organizer) that corrects for changes in barometric pressure and displays the pressure recordings. It’s measurements correlated well with Swan Ganz catheter pressure recordings of estimated left atrial pressure.

The second device reported in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, uses a novel catheter-delivered pressure sensor that is chronically implanted in the pulmonary artery (the same site that harbors the Swan Ganz catheter when it is installed) called the CardioMEMS Heart Failure Sensor (CardioMEMS Inc., Atlanta, Georgia). This device consists of a 3-dimensional coil and a pressure-sensitive capacitor encased within a hermetically sealed, fused silica capsule completely covered in medical-grade silicone. Two wired nitinol (nickle-titanium alloy) loops prevent sensor distal migration in to the pulmonary artery branches. Alterations in the pressure inside of the artery alters the baseline resonant frequency emitted by the device and then, using an external antenna that powers the internal device using electromagnetic coupling non-invasively (i.e., it has no power requirements), the signal is transmitted outside of the body and transduced into a waveform. The external device similarly calibrates for external barometric pressure changes. This device, too, had excellent correlation to Swan Ganz pressure recordings.

Each are fascinating devices, especially for a biomedical engineering geek like myself.

But the most important question to be asked, especially as these devices break through the development hurdles, is will they improve the care we provide patients?

Recent experience with a similar device, the Chronicle implantable hemodynamic monitor (Medtronic, Inc.), failed to gain support from the FDA because the device did not demonstrate an improvement in patient outcomes when their heart failure management was guided by the device’s pressure recordings. It was difficult for physicians to determine from continuous recordings when the threshold for changing therapy was required. Will these newer devices reach a similar fate? Time will tell.

But one thing is certain: if these devices do not affect heart failure management outcomes, there will not be a market for them. This is not to say that our care of heart failure patients might not be enriched in a subgroup of difficult-to-manage patients using these devices: say, those with severe renal insufficiency. But the stakes are high for these companies to determine which patients’ lives might be benefited from their use and to design an appropriate prospective, randomized clinical study to prove the point. Perhaps Dr. Silver said it best in his editorial in JACC:
"...there really are 2 additional "overriding" questions from which we should not be dissuaded. We are always excited to welcome new technology to our diagnostic and potentially therapeutic armamentarium; we need, however, to be aware that such devices herald in a new era where serial recording of the patient in a 'compensated,' 'decompensated,' and every state in between may now be available. We need to sort out how and when to retrieve these signals, how to incorporate them into daily clinical routines and disease management strategies, and how to use information technology to help us decide what signals are the actionable early warning signs of a patient with a forthcoming clinical event. The devices without a suitable infrastructure will overwhelm the doctors and nurses monitoring these devices, and any potential benefit will be obscured by the burden of the data load."
-Wes

References:

Ritzema J, et al. "Direct Left Atrial Pressure Monitoring in Ambulatory Heart Failure Patients Initial Experience With a New Permanent Implantable Device." Circulation 2007;116:2952-2959.

Verdejo HE, et al. "Comparison of a Radiofrequency-Based Wireless Pressure Sensor to Swan-Ganz Catheter and Echocardiography for Ambulatory Assessment of Pulmonary Artery Pressure in Heart Failure." J Am Coll Cardiol, 2007; 50:2375-2382.

Silver MA. "New Approaches to Hemodynamic Measurement: Cool Devices But a Shaky Infrastructure" J Am Coll Cardiol, 2007; 50:2383-2384. (Subscription required)

Politics and Insurance

Want a summary of which candidate's doing what on health care? Here's the simplest summation I've seen in a while.

What's clear: third party insurance interests are uniformly preserved, irrespective of party or candidate.

Real healthcare reform's going to take a bit longer, I guess.

-Wes

CSI - Chicago

He sat at the dinner table, and looked up slowly.

“You know, this time of year, I can’t believe all of the problems I see. Suicides, domestic violence… it starts just after Thanksgiving and continues through New Years.”

The others at the table kept munching on dinner, not really knowing where this was coming from. After all, he was a cop and family member. It was supposed to be a nice Christmas get-together. But we could tell he was bothered by something.

“I mean, there was this mother and daughter. They lived in one of those Habitat-for-Humanity homes. Not a lot of money. People had just brought them a bunch of bags of food. The bags were on the counter in the kitchen. They were good people, trying to make ends meet.”

The feast continued. People slowly took notice, not knowing what to say.

“We got a call. All it said was that a young girl called in a panic saying her mother wasn’t breathing. I was the first one there. I went in the bathroom. I had to shove the door open since she had fallen against it. Her hair dryer was still on. Water was on the floor. My partner got to the bathroom just a second later with the AED, then the ambulance crew arrived with all of their stuff and really worked on her. I spoke with the 12-year old daughter. She seemed to have it together. Such a nice girl. She explained everything so well. They tried like crazy. There was no clue why this young 44-year old woman would end up dead like that. It was such a shame. You think it might have been her heart? I bet she was dead for a while, I mean, her color had settled, you know? Do you think we could have gotten her back?”

He looked at me.

I felt obligated to respond. “It takes only about four minutes without blood to the brain… How long did it take you to get there?"

"Oh, longer than that."

"Do you think she might have been electrocuted? I mean, when I’m in the EP lab trying to induce ventricular fibrillation and every technique fails, I just get out a trusty old 9-volt battery. You know that tingly feeling you experience when you touch those electrodes to your tongue? Well, if that same current is passed inside the heart with a wire, well, nothing fibrillates a heart better. It doesn’t take much current. So, if the floor was wet and her hair dryer was poorly grounded, enough current could have passed through her heart, you know. And people collapse suddenly with no warning when that occurs. Did they test the hair dryer for a current leak?”

"Dad, geeeezzz. Do we have to hear that stuff about 9-volt batteries again?" My kids wanted to discuss anything else, you see.

“No! I’m gonna ask the guys to do that when I get back. I bet you’re right. The guys unplugged that hair-dryer right when they arrived. It was still running when they got there and all…”

He sat quietly, but seemed relieved to have a plausible explanation to his case.

“You gonna be okay?” I asked.

“Yeah, yeah. It goes with the territory. But I never like this time of year. It's never fun, ya know?"

He paused for a moment.

"Now, who's got the gravy?...”

-Wes

Thursday, December 27, 2007

Aging on Video

Imagine taking a photograph of yourself very day for eight years, then assembling them all in a single video.

Wonder what it would look like?

Check it out at Kidney Notes.

-Wes

The Ultimate Efficiency

I am constantly amazed at the dizzying heights hospital and insurance bureaucrats will take physicians, all in the name of profit.

In the old days, I could ask my patients questions, take a thorough history and physical, and order tests that made sense to the problem(s) at hand. In short, I could use my brain and patients benefited.

Now, I get paid based on performance. Document the E&M parameters, fill in the necessary blanks, or else. Paint-by-numbers, I called it. Pay for performance became the new Medicare standard creating a heretofore unprecedented bureaucratic morass in 2007. Entire practice patterns were shifted and protocols implemented to maximize Medicare reimbursements for hospitals and physician practices, even if it deleteriously affected the doctor-patient visit. Just ask the questions, dammit, to make sure you get paid the maximum amount and to make sure we look good on hospital rankings!

But that, my friends and colleagues, is not enough. Bureaucrats demand more. Much, much more.

Now, my fellow physicians, we must concern ourselves with efficiency!

And yes, we must create more measures of our efficiency! After all, how else will our "customers" be able to compare us and our "efficiency index?" These business interests (one who also holds an associate editor position at the New England Journal of Medicine in which the discussed editorial aired) hold the precious financial assets, so they will demand it! They want "performance" and "efficiency," all rolled up into one! And if we don't determine our own efficiency measures, well, you can be sure that those lovely "customers" who require our physician services will develop the measures for us! After all, they demand complete and utter efficiency at all times: efficient money collection, efficient returns on their investment, and, in the case of the insurance industry, efficient denial patterns for reimbursements. Efficient, efficient, efficient.

But in the end, isn't the ultimate efficiency less bureaucracy?

-Wes

Reference:
Arnold Milstein, M.D., M.P.H., and Thomas H. Lee, M.D. "Comparing Physicians on Efficiency." N Engl J Med 357:2649-2652.

VT Ablation and the Ankle Swelling Index

I read with interest this week's lead article in the New England Journal of Medicine that evaluated whether prophylactic catheter ablation of ventricular tissue would reduce the incidence of later implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) shocks called "SMASH-VT:" Substrate Mapping and Ablation in Sinus Rhythm to Halt Ventricular Tachycardia.

"Substrate modification," for those unfamiliar, is a term used by electrophysiologists to change the underlying milleu of the heart to prevent arrhythmias. This is performed by using a three-dimentional mapping system (Biosense-Webster's Carto system was used in this study exclusively) to define where small-amplitude (i.e, less than 1.5 mV in amplitude and implicitely thought to be abnormal) electrogram signals were detected within the heart. These areas were labeled as "scar" within the interior of the heart. By ablating, or burning, areas within the scar, it is hoped to disrupt the potentially life-threatening reentrant circuits that cause the abnormal heart rhythms that cause ICDs to fire. Many ablation lesions are used to create the "lines" that disrupt these circuits.

But the process of determining where to ablate in these cases is laborious and time-consuming. First, not all ablation was performed in sinus rhythm, as the pseudonym of the trial would suggest. The authors did try to induce ventricular tachycardia in the patients, and even tried to have rapid arrhythmias slowed with a class Ic antiarrhythmic to define the predominant clinical ventricular arrhythmia to target. Adding to the complexity of the studies performed, fully 74 percent of the patients underwent both a transseptal (crossing a catheter from the right to the left atrium to access the left ventricle) and simultaneous retrograde aortic approach (reaching the left ventricle by passing the ablation catheter up the femoral artery backward through the aortic valve and into the left ventricle).

It is an impressive tour d' force to perform these procedures. All in the name of reducing ICD shocks in the patient with an indwelling ICD and a history of ventricular tachycardia. Electrophysiologists reading this study know this.

So I found it interesting that I could not estimate my own Ankle Swelling Index (ASI) accurately from this study. That's the index of how large my ankles will become after standing at the patient's bedside to perform this procedure. A one-hour procedure gives an Ankle Swelling Index of 1, a two-hour procedure gives an ASI of 2, and so on. You see the reason I could not estimate this accurately is because no ablation times or radiation exposure times were mentioned in this study. Why? Were they excessive?

Instead, I must estimate. So given the complexity of the ablation procedure described in this study, I estimate the procedure times for each of each of these patients to exceed four hours each: an ASI greater than 4. And I would not be surprised if several indexes were over 5.

Man. That's huge.

It's huge because, like it or not, to ever apply prophylactic ventricular ablation to prevent ICD shocks in a patient who has already received (or will receive) an ICD, the time spent for both the patient and the doctor has to be worth the risks involved in long procedures. The complexities of this ablation approach, while shown to be feasible and safe (at least in this small group of carefully-selected patients), it was by no means without risk (three of the ablation patients had some complications). Further, not reporting the time required to implement this approach has serious implications for recommending the type of anesthesia and estimating whether these patients with limited ventricular function can lie recumbent long enough to undergo the procedure.

So while there appears to be a role for substrate-based catheter ablation to prevent ICD shocks, careful evaluation for the Ankle Swelling Index as well as the risks inherent to the ablation approach used in this sick patient population should be considered carefully before applying this approach to every patient receiving an ICD for the indiction of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation.

-Wes

References:

Reddy VY, Reynolds MR, Neuzil P, Richardson AW, Taborsky M, Jongnarangsin K, Kralovec S, Sediva L, Ruskin JN, Josephson ME. "Prophylactic Catheter Ablation for the Prevention of Defibrillator Therapy." N Engl J Med Dec 27, 2007: 357(26): 2657-2665.

Editorial: Estes NAM. "Ablation after ICD Implantation — Bridging the Gap between Promise and Practice." N Engl J Med Dec 27, 2007; 357(26): 2717-2719.